Prior to dissolution of the Soviet Union, it was overthrown by the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) on, entering provisional government phase until formal government established in 1995. In 1987, the Derg established People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, a civilianized government ruled under socialist republic. Ethiopia then underwent 16 years of civil war between the Derg and Tigray-Eritrean separatist rebels as well as Somalia. The later imperial shortcomings related to internal crisis and protests resulted in the Emperor's deposition in 1974 and the monarchy's abolition six months later by the Derg, a communist military government backed by the Soviet Union. Įthiopia was rapidly modernized under Haile Selassie. During Italian rule, the government made steps to abolish the centuries-old practice of slavery, eventually doing so in 1942, and urbanization steadily increased. In 1935, Italy, under Mussolini's Fascist regime invaded Ethiopia and annexed with the former colonies of Eritrea and Somaliland to become Italian East Africa, before liberation and a short period of military administration by British forces amidst World War II. Ethiopia was the first independent African member of the League of Nations and the United Nations. This also enabled it to establish its modern borders through extensive conquest of territories to the east, west and south. ĭuring the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa, Ethiopia was the only African nation to successfully defend itself against European colonization, defeating Italy at the Battle of Adwa. Tewodros II managed to reinstate the empire in 1855, inaugurating modernization. In mid-18th century, Ethiopia experienced decentralization known as Zemene Mesafint– regional lords mostly from Oromo and Tigray tribes partitioned into autonomy. By the mid-16th century, with the help of Portugal, Ethiopia reconquered its territory. This culminated in the Ethiopian–Adal war, in which Adal and its allies conquered much of Ethiopia.
In the Middle Ages, the empire began extending its territory southward, seizing several kingdoms of southwestern region, albeit challenged by Muslim polities such as the Sultanate of Ifat and its successor, the Adal Sultanate. In 1270, he established the Ethiopian Empire, asserting its dynasty lineage from King Solomon and Queen of Sheba. The short-lived Agaw-ruled Zagwe dynasty lasted over three centuries until the last king was overthrown by the Abyssinian nobleman Yekuno Amlak. The Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region from the 1st century AD until its fall in the 10th century where " Ethiopians" was first coined during Ezana's reign in the 4th-century. Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty from King Solomon and Queen of Sheba, under its first king, Menelik I. Tracing its roots to the second millennium BC, the governmental system of Ethiopia was a monarchy for most of its history. According to linguists, the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn of Africa region during the ensuing Neolithic era. It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond. Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia. Įthiopian national identity is grounded in the long history of Christianity and Islam in the region, and independence from foreign rule since antiquity. The national capital and largest city, Addis Ababa, lies several kilometres west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the African and Somali tectonic plates.
Ethiopia has a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres (420,000 sq mi) and over 117 million inhabitants and is the 12th-most populous country in the world and the 2nd-most populous in Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea and Djibouti to the north, Somaliland to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Kenya to the south, South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Ethiopic characters.Įthiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa.
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